Iron-rich dust launched into the air by winds swirls around the Southern Ocean. Understanding how iron’s chemistry shifts during its journey from earth to air to sea will be important for developing ...

Copper smelters from 3,000 years ago may have experimented with materials just enough to launch the Iron Age. The Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age as the refining process of iron was discovered.

Iron is an essential trace metal for nearly all microorganisms. Microorganisms devote substantial metabolic resources to obtaining adequate iron under various environmental conditions. Systemic iron ...

Lancaster architect C. Emlen Urban was a proponent of wrought iron being used as an “art form,” and used it on his public and private buildings. Decorative uses of wrought iron include hand-wrought ...

PRECIOUS METALS currently are the basis of catalysts that are well understood by chemists and widely used in labs, industrial processes, and automobile catalytic converters. But the metals—such as ...

Here’s what you’ll learn when you read this story: Copper smelters from 3,000 years ago may have experimented with materials just enough to launch the Iron Age. The Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age ...