Modern electronics is indispensable for every large model railroad system, and it provides a solution to almost every problem. Although ready-made products are exorbitantly expensive, clever ...

The circuit was constructed to produce a frequency divider with the use of flip flops which are the basic building blocks of sequential logic circuits while forming a T flip-flop configuration. Toggle ...

In this paper, the authors deal with the testable design of conservative logic based sequential circuits by using two test vectors. The conservative logic based sequential circuits are built from the ...

A flip-flop is one of the most basic digital electronic circuits. It can most easily be built from just two transistors, although they can and have been built out of vacuum tubes, NAND and NOR gates, ...

Many varieties of ON/OFF control circuits use some form of flip-flop that responds to a pushbutton switch or other control input. These all have volatile memory and default to an OFF condition if ...

Over the recent years post-silicon SoC validation has become a major bottleneck in IC design. Due restricted design cycle time and test bench limitations almost all the designs are taped-out with ...

Digital design with combinatorial gates like AND, OR, and NOT gates is relatively straightforward. In particular, when you use these gates to form combinatorial logic, the outputs only depend on the ...