This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Background and Aims Organisms often balance among reproduction, growth and survival. When these processes are in competition, selection may ...

Imagine a photograph of your great-grandparents, grandparents and parents side by side. You’d see a resemblance, but each generation would look distinct from its predecessors. This is the process of ...

(a) Sporophytes and (b) independent gametophytes. (c) Strap-like individual gametophytes under the microscope. Scale bar is 5.0mm. (d) Clonal forming (reproduction) by gametophytes under the ...

There is something otherworldly about ferns. Their fronds suggest feathers and wings, and so when looking at them you may think of taking flight, most likely into the pre-historic past when they ...

Fern species represent one of the most diverse and evolutionarily significant lineages of vascular plants. Over recent decades, phylogenetic studies have endeavoured to elucidate the evolutionary ...