Logic signals have fallen from the 15V of the old CMOS 4000 series to 5V TTL (transistor-to-transistor logic) to modern CMOS levels of 3.3, 2.7, and 1.8V. Advanced processes use digital logic that ...

This series of articles reviews basic concepts, and is intended for hardware and software engineers working with embedded systems. In previous sessions we covered some of the fundamental electronic ...

This may very well be the smallest homemade TTL CPU we’ve ever seen. Measuring at one square inch, this tiny chip boasts 40 connections, an 8-bit databus, a 16-bit address bus, a 64 kB memory space, ...

The fun part about logic gates is that there are so many ways to make them, with each approach having its own advantages and disadvantages. Although these days transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is the ...

Field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes have been shown to be faster and less energy consuming than their silicon counterparts. However, ensuring these advantages are maintained for ...

Have you ever wanted to build your own minicomputer, but felt restricted by the available selection of https://www.pcworld.com/products/components/processors.html ...

Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

I fear the topic of this column is poised to unleash a tsunami of controversy. My engineering accomplice Joe Farr says that this is one of those topics that, when presented to 10 different engineers, ...